Feelings presented in dreams Essay Example For Students

Feelings presented in dreams Essay During the night of July 23-24, 1895, Freud dreamed a historic dream. He called it Irmas Injection. Four years later, Freud concluded that dreams are wish fulfillments. This was the first dream he had submitted to a detailed interpretation (Gay, P. 1998). Freud was living at Bellevue, a resort villa in a Vienna suburb, at the time of the dream. He was very hard at work when this dream occurred. The dream was of family news and professional concerns. It was a large hall in which we were receiving many guests, among them Irma, a friend of the family. A young lady I had been treating psychoanalytically (Gay, P. 1998). Freud reproaches her for not accepting his solution and tells her that if she still has pains, it is your fault. She replies that the choking pains in her throat, stomach, and abdomen are more severe than of what he knows. Freud studies her and wonders if he has not perhaps overlooked some organic ailment. He looks down her throat and finds a white patch and some grayish scabs formed like the turbinal bones of the nose. The dream scene then grows crowded with physician-friends of Freuds; Oscar Rie, Breuer, and Fliess. Somehow all these doctors, except for Fliess, proved to have been responsible for Irmas persistent pains. He dreams that Rie has thoughtlessly given Irma an injection with a syringe that was not clean Freud interpreted a lot from this dream. I will not claim that I have completely uncovered the meaning of this dream or that its interpretation is without gaps (Gay, P. 1998). He recalled the reception of guests as an anticipation for his wifes birthday party. The chemical trimethylamin that was used reflected on his friend, Fliess theories about sexual chemistry because the dream involved a woman. The unclean syringe showed his excessive pride in the way he carefully kept his syringes clean. He concluded that the dream can be labeled as, worry over health, ones own and that of others, and a doctors conscientiousness (Strachey, J. 1968). The burden of the wish the dream portrayed was that Irmas suffering should be truly seen as not his fault but the fault of others. H. Interpretation of Dreams A survey was completed in Ms. Melvilles second period class, consisting of twenty-three students and Ms. Melville. Eighty-eight percent stated that they dreamed of kissing someone or being kissed by someone. Kissing someone is interpreted as suggesting an acceptance of that person as potentially a new relationship. It can also mean that you are seeking to develop a quality belonging to that other person in yourself. Being kissed by someone indicates that you are appreciated and loved for yourself. A single kiss, an example is a kiss on the forehead, symbolizes a blessing of a spiritual kind. Kissing a dead person is an omen for a long happy life. On the other hand, kiss a baby and something you thought was difficult will go well. I. Why are Dreams Forgotten? Most people take very little interest in their dreams. Anyone who pays attention to their dreams over a period of time will have more dreams than usual. It means memory of dreams is easier (Strachey, J. 1968). Only the things that are odd and stand out in dreams are remembered. When a dream is forgotten in the morning, it may never be recollected during the course of the day. It is important to remember all details to make out what the true meaning of the dream might be. Twenty-nine percent of the class stated that they remember their dreams, while 67% said that they dont, and 4% said that dreams are sometimes remembered. J. Conclusion Many psychologists believe that feelings presented in dreams usually a single emotion such as fear, anger, or joy may play a role in the brains ability to handle various tasks in life. Hidden feelings are often surfaced, which helps people to understand themselves better. When we understand our dreams we can understand ourselves. This is the significance of dreaming. Therefore, contrary to some belief, dreaming can be very meaningful.

Wiki Report tourism in Switzerland and Malaysia

Introduction The tourism industry has continued to register positive results despite pessimistic economic forecasts across the globe. Global tourism maintained a positive momentum of more than 2% growth between 2010 and 2012. This growth occurred due to an increase in the number of travellers going to different destinations. Market estimations show that tourism will grow by 2.3% by the end of 2013 (Research and Markets 2012).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Wiki Report: tourism in Switzerland and Malaysia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The amount of money spent by tourists in different parts of the world has increased considerably. This has increased the amount of money earned by countries with large tourism industries. This augurs well for the industry which has experienced many challenges in the past which discouraged tourists from travelling (ITB 2013). This report highlights issues that affect tourism in S witzerland and Malaysia. The report will evaluate tourism policies in these two regions and how they have affected tourism activities in the last two decades (Klopping 2012). It will also compare the models of innovation and creativity that have made positive impacts on tourism in these countries. Industry Overview Switzerland’s Tourism Industry The Swiss tourism industry has recorded positive growth in the last one year and it earned the country an estimated CHF 35.5 billion in 2012. The industry’s main drivers of growth were transportation, restaurant services and accommodation services, all of which contributed more than CHF 18 billion in 2012 (STF 2012). These three tourism sub sectors contributed more than 51 percent of total revenues obtained in the industry in 2012. These estimates show that the tourism industry in the country is registering positive results because of its status as one of the most preferred tourist destinations in the world (Barton 2008). The c ountry’s tourism balance of payments is favourable because foreign tourists spent an estimated CHF 15.4 billion in 2012. Similarly, Swiss tourists who travelled abroad spent an estimated CHF 11.8 billion in the same year. Comparatively, Swiss nationals who travelled to foreign countries spent CHF 11.6 in 2010 and CHF 15.6 billion in 2011, respectively. Switzerland’s tourism industry is one of the most competitive in the world and earns the country high amounts of foreign currency. The country has experienced an increase in the number of firms that offer specialized services to tourists. There are many tourism firms in Switzerland which target different market segments. Some of the leading firms include; Switzerland Tours, My Switzerland, Incoming Travel Services and Zicasso (Khalid 2013).Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Malaysia’s Tourism Industry Mal aysia is one of the most popular and competitive tourist destinations in Asia. Malaysia recorded a 7% increase in the number of tourists visiting the country in 2009. It is estimated that 23.6 million tourists visited the country in 2009 compared to 21.95 million that arrived in 2008. The country’s tourism industry did not experience problems felt by other countries due to the global financial crisis. Malaysia continues to receive a lot of visitors which has helped the local industry to achieve positive growth. This situation is similar to the favourable industry environment that exists in Switzerland. There are several firms which offer a wide variety of services that seek to take advantage of opportunities existing in the market. These firms are optimistic that positive tourism indicators in the country will help them increase their earnings (Chakraborty 2007). Market leaders in Malaysia’s tourism industry include Tourism Malaysia, HK Top Tourism, Apple Vacations and Conventions, Cat City Holidays, Ping Anchorage and Tropical Adventures and Tours. These firms have unique niche segments, a situation which is similar to the Swiss tourism industry. These firms have strengthened their brands in the market through differentiation of products and services. Innovation, Creativity and Enterprise There are several theories and models which are used to analyse innovation, creativity and enterprise in different tourism sectors. Rothwell’s Five Generations of Innovation Model and Incremental Innovation Theory will be used to analyze Swiss and Malaysian Tourism Industries. Rothwell’s Five Generation of Innovation Model This model is considered as one of the most important contributions to the study of innovation in tourism industries. This model captures generations of innovations dating from the 1950’s to the current period (Moutinho 2011). The model looks at various generations of innovation and specific market conditions that made th em happen. It focuses on how different stages of innovations are responsive to various changes in market conditions such as competition, inflation and economic recovery. It also focuses on unemployment, economic growth, industrial expansion and scarcity of resources (Hassanien, Dale Clarke 2010). This model will mainly focus on generations of Swiss and Malaysian tourism industries from 1990s onwards. Malaysia Tourism Industry Malaysia’s tourism industry experienced an awakening during the fifth generation of innovation in the 1990s. This begun when the government launched a five year economic plan in 1991, which spelt out what needed to be done to ensure the local tourism industry became more competitive (King 1993, p. 78).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Wiki Report: tourism in Switzerland and Malaysia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A key pillar of this plan was the emphasis on research, product deve lopment and marketing, which helped the country establish itself as a niche destination for eco and agro based tourism (Malhotra 201, p. 56). The National Tourism Policy formulated in 1992 helped to provide proper regulatory guidance to the local industry (Government of Malaysia 1991). The country took note of sustainability issues in tourism by launching the National Ecotourism Plan in 1996 to encourage sustainable tourism practices (Government of Malaysia 1996). This fifth generation of innovation has made the country’s tourism stand out due to its high quality attractions and environmental sustainability (Government of Malaysia 2001). Swiss Tourism Industry The industry’s innovative practices took root during the fourth generation in the 1980’s. it easily attained the fifth generation of innovation because many firms were willing to offer new products and services to their customers (Wurz 2013). Major tourist attractions in the country include historical site s, unique cuisine, luxurious accommodation and a wide range of entertainment activities (Koumelis 2013). This has helped the country maintain its status as one of the most visited tourist destinations in the world. The Swiss tourism industry is built on four main pillars which are economic, ecological, cultural and local community sustainability. This has made it easy for the country to maintain product diversity which appeals to different tourist segments. The industry encourages different players to explore more opportunities and implement new technologies to help them have a positive impact. Incremental or Radical Coles and Hall (2008) reveal innovation and creativity can either be incremental or radical, depending on the firm managing the process. Improvements made in existing technologies, processes and products are referred to as incremental innovation (Hall Wouldiams 2008). Innovation that is initiated from the beginning meant to overhaul different industry systems is known as radical innovation. Radical innovation is very difficult to implement but offers long term benefits to a tourism industry. Malaysia’s tourism industry before the fifth generation was based on incremental innovation, which stifled the development of innovative products and services (Peng 2010). The implementation of new policies encouraged adoption of new technologies which improved performance of firms active in the sector. Radical innovative approaches encouraged ecotourism to flourish which made more visitors tour waterfalls, rivers and agricultural parks. Technological advancements have also revolutionized the quality of services offered in the industry. Most booking and ticketing services are done electronically, which has made it easy for different industry players to collaborate.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Switzerland’s tourism industry also uses new technologies to improve the quality of services offered. The country has a competitive edge over other destinations because it has diversified its tourist attractions to cater for niche customer interests. It offers ecotourism, reverie tourism, agro-tourism, and holiday entertainment (Hall Piggin 2003). The country improved its transport and communications infrastructure with neighbouring countries, which has made it easy for tourists to visit different places. Conclusion Both Switzerland and Malaysia are key tourist hubs in their respective regions. Their industries have recorded positive growth in the last few years. Five generations model and incremental or radical theories have been used to describe innovative tourism practices in the two countries. Malaysia managed to streamline its tourism sector in the fifth generation of innovation which improved the quality of services offered to tourists visiting the country. Switzerland was able to put in place effective innovation, creativity and enterprise pillars in the third generation. These approaches have made tourism sectors in the two countries more competitive. References Barton, S. 2008, Healthy living in the Alps, Manchester University Press, Manchester. Chakraborty, A. 2007, Global tourism, APH, New York. Coles, T. Hall, M. 2008, International business and tourism, Routledge, London. Government of Malaysia 1991, Sixth Malaysia plan, Government of Malaysia Printers, Kuala Lumpur. Government of Malaysia 1996, Seventh Malaysia plan, Government of Malaysia Printers, Kuala Lumpur. Government of Malaysia, 2001, Eighth Malaysia plan, Government of Malaysia Printers, Kuala Lumpur. Hall, C and Wouldiams, M. 2008, Tourism and innovation, Routledge, New York. Hall, M. and Piggin, R. 2003, World heritage sites: managing the brand, Elsevier, Oxford. Hassanien, A., Dale, C. Clarke, A. 2010, Hospitality business development, Routledge, New York. ITB 2013, ITB worl d travel trends report – 2012/2013, International Tourism Board, Berlin. Web. Khalid, K. 2013, ‘Cover story: massive benefits from JVs with foreign developers’, New Strait Times 4th July. Web. King, T. 1993, Tourism and culture in Malaysia, Routledge, London. Klopping, L. 2012, Health tourism in Switzerland, Grin Verlag, Berlin. Koumelis, T. 2013, ‘Sustainable tourism gets green light in Langkawi, Malaysia’, Travel Daily News Asia 5th May. Web. Malhotra, Y. 2001, Knowledge management and business model innovation, Idea Group Inc, London. Moutinho, L. 2011, Strategic management in tourism, CABI, London. Peng, H. 2010, ‘Innovation way to tourism charisma, ’, The Star 22 May. Web. Research and Markets 2012, Malaysian tourism industry forecasts to 2012, Research and Markets Industry Reports, London. Web. STF 2012, Swiss tourism in figures 2011 – structure and industry data, Swiss Tourism Federation Annual Overview, Berne. Web. Wurz, J . 2013, ‘Swiss invest in innovation to boost tourism’, Swiss Info 5th June. Web. This report on Wiki Report: tourism in Switzerland and Malaysia was written and submitted by user Mya K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Chastity essays

Chastity essays The video watched in class touched on some of my personal concerns as a human. I agree with almost everything discussed in the video. It was entertaining to listen to the perspectives of this couple. Fortunately, they succeeded and did change some of my opinions. Some points sounded very off the wall. Many things the man brought up sounded like a lie. Like when he talked about STDs all of the statistics sounded much too exaggerated. I have heard many statistics in this area and this one just sounded out of proportion. Also, they made going out on the weekends with friends sound wrong to do. I feel that that is a huge part of teenage life and without experimenting with your boundaries it would be hard to know who you are. It is necessary to know your boundaries as an individual whether it is sexual because this sets an establishment in your brain. It is up to the individual to do what they want sexually. But for me personally, my boundaries are set at a very reasonable place because I am a Catholic. Other points sounded reasonable. Although this video was a little overdone, it still influenced my opinions in a positive way. I used to not think so much about how far I go with girls, but now I have more respect for the girls I encounter. I feel I have put more value on the worth of my virginity. I also believe that many kids in our society today have no value on how far they go. This video is good for them because it scares the audience into doing anything sexual. I feel there are many problems in todays society, one of which is pornography. I am ashamed of the women who use their body for others entertainment. This just probably kills their self worth. Another problem is with girls these days that are so innocent and yet so susceptible to guys to give up their body. It is these girls that I feel this video is important for. They just place no worth on themselves and this just creates problems to all mayhem fro...

5 Cases of Excessive Commas

5 Cases of Excessive Commas 5 Cases of Excessive Commas 5 Cases of Excessive Commas By Mark Nichol The rules about commas can seem so complicated and contradictory that writers can (almost) be forgiven for tossing in an extra one or two. Here are several examples of overly generous deployment of commas. 1. â€Å"If a killer asteroid was, indeed, incoming, a spacecraft could, in theory, be launched to nudge the asteroid out of Earth’s way, changing its speed and the point of intersection.† This thirty-word sentence is littered with six commas one for every five words five of them appearing before the halfway point. By simply bending the rule about bracketing interjections with commas a rule that advocates of open punctuation flout routinely anyway the number is reduced by two, rendering the sentence more free flowing: â€Å"If a killer asteroid was indeed incoming, a spacecraft could, in theory, be launched to nudge the asteroid out of Earth’s way, changing its speed and the point of intersection.† One more comma can be eliminated by relocating the parenthetical phrase â€Å"in theory† to an earlier position in the sentence, so that the comma after incoming does double duty: â€Å"If a killer asteroid was indeed incoming, in theory, a spacecraft could be launched to nudge the asteroid out of Earth’s way, changing its speed and the point of intersection.† 2. â€Å"The metaphor, ‘The world is a machine,’ began to replace the metaphor, ‘The world is a living organism.’† In this sentence, the comma preceding each instance of metaphor implies that that metaphor is the only one not just in the sentence, but anywhere. (But two metaphors are expressed here, and innumerable others exist.) Metaphor, appearing in apposition to the two brief quotations, should not be set off from them: â€Å"The metaphor ‘The world is a machine’ began to replace the metaphor ‘The world is a living organism.’† 3. â€Å"The event is part of a catchy, public health message about the importance of emergency preparedness.† Catchy and â€Å"public health† are not coordinate adjectives. The point is not that the message is catchy and public health; it’s that the public health message is catchy. Therefore, no comma is necessary: â€Å"The event is part of a catchy public health message about the importance of emergency preparedness.† If, by contrast, the sentence read, for example, â€Å"The event is part of a catchy, quirky message about the importance of emergency preparedness,† note that because catchy and quirky are parallel they are coordinate adjectives a comma should separate them. 4. â€Å"The report was completed in December, 2012.† A comma is necessary between a month and a year only if a date is specified (â€Å"The report was completed on December 1, 2012†): â€Å"The report was completed in December 2012.† (The same rule applies when the name of a season appears in place of the name of a month: â€Å"The report was completed in fall 2012.†) 5. â€Å"Jones traveled by boxcar from California to New York with fellow fledgling artist, John Smith, sketching the American landscape along the way.† Commas are necessary with this type of apposition only if the epithet is preceded by an article (â€Å"Jones traveled by boxcar from California to New York with a fellow fledgling artist, John Smith, sketching the American landscape along the way†): â€Å"Jones traveled by boxcar from California to New York with fellow fledgling artist John Smith sketching the American landscape along the way.† Unfortunately, this type of error has gone viral its ubiquity is mistaken for propriety and is seemingly ineradicable. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" 8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

Islam Faith and History By Mahmoud M.Ayoub Assignment

Islam Faith and History By Mahmoud M.Ayoub - Assignment Example The haay is where a man or woman belongs to and not the ‘family.’ Thus, child-rearing, indoctrination to culture, and gender roles are the responsibility of the tribe. This is due partly to survival since most societies lived a nomadic lifestyle. Thus, it is crucial that families band together for mutual interests. The role of men is crucial because they are seen as the provider and protector. Women on the other hand are deemed as liability or the weak link because the tribes’ honor hinges on the honor of its girls and women. And because there is a high-value placed on female honor, it is a necessity to employ force protection. This is done one, by infanticide. The tribe would burry one or several of its female infants alive. And second, provides protection against capture and forced concubinage. Ergo, women are not just burdens but are liabilities to the tribe as well. Another way to which women are ensured of protection is through marriage. Marriage in pre-Islamic society has two types—Sadiqah and Ba’l. Sadiqah marriages are based on female kinship. As such, the man could either pay a Sadaq which is given to the bride during the time of marriage or a mahr which is a negotiated gift between the man and the bride’s tribe that would be given to her parents or closest relative. Once the bride price is settled, the woman has to consent on the marriage before it could take effect. There are two types of Sadiqah marriages: the mut’an or temporary marriage which is undertaken solely for the purpose of desire or pleasure and bina which is a permanent union. In bina, the bride remains under the protection of her tribe and the husband would only come for conjugal visits but is free from the liability of taking care of his wife and children. As such children of Sadiqah unions are the responsibility of the mother’s tribe. The ba’l marriage on the other hand is based on

Stock Valuation and Behavioral Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stock Valuation and Behavioral Finance - Essay Example Following formula is used to estimate the price of the stock using dividend growth model: Growth of the stock is calculated using the dividends paid by Shell since 2008 and it is shown in the appendix 1. Discount rate is calculated using the CAPM equation which is as follows: Rf = 4% Rm = 0.59% B = 0.078 So, using the above equations Re is found to be 3.9997% So, the price of the stock using the values identified is 84.86 The current price of shares of Shell is 2,246.5 however the estimated price is 84.86 which is well below. Price to Earnings (P/E) Ratio is the other technique used to estimate the price (Gitman, 2003). Price to earnings ratio is the market price of the company with the earnings per share. The higher value of P/E ratio shows that the investors are paying more for per unit of income they are getting from the share and it can be said that the stock is more expensive (McLaney, 2009). To estimate the price, earnings per share is taken from the annual report of Shell. Pri ce 2,246.50 EPS 4.98 P/E Ratio 451.104 So the price is 2,246.50 and PE is 451.1. However, if the estimated price is considered to calculate the PE ratio then it is 17.04 P/E ratio of the company is very high and it indicates that the shares of Shell are very expensive. However important reasons for this would be that Shell is an important player in the market and investors are eyeing stocks of Shell for investment purpose, so with higher demand the price of Shell’s stock is high. Part 2 – Individual Investors and Sophisticated Investors There are different techniques and valuation methods that investors use to estimate the price of the stock and then make their investment decision. Not all the techniques would give the same kind of results; however these techniques are helpful in giving a signal or a hint to the investors. Investors have different aspects and factors to consider while making the investment decision. Investors have different socio-economic background, q ualification, believe, emotions. Moreover, differences in race and age of investors also influence the investment decision and therefore the decision of one investor could differ from other investor and this has been the main role of behavior finance i.e. to define and discuss why people are not only concerned about the market decisions but they have their own perception and opinion and judgment as well while making the investment decision. Behavior finance has been defined as the study of how people understand and take actions on the financial information they have in making investment decisions (Simon, 1987). Every investor would like to earn higher return on his investment however he or she needs to define his or her risk tolerance level, goals of the investment and other factors that could influence the decision. Different investment and stock valuation techniques are used by investors and it is up to the investor to choose which technique he or she would like to use to make the investment decisions. Some would prefer using PE ratio whereas others would like to use PEG ratio. Some would fancy going for Gordon Growth Model whereas others would like to analyse the previous price and identify the ‘hi and low prices’ and believe that the stock price would go in the same way as in the last few years. Even after using different techniq

Strip Searches in Schools Essay Example for Free

Strip Searches in Schools Essay The Fourth Amendment is an essential part of the United States Constitution. It grants all United States citizens the right to not have illegal searches and seizures brought against them. With this being said, the most recent debate of the Fourth Amendment has occurred in the United States Public School Systems. Many kids and adults feel that students should have the same rights under the Constitution when attending school as they do when they are out. However, many school officials believe that to keep schools safe, it is essential to bend the rules a little bit. This paper will discuss the debate that is raging in schools, look at recent cases involving the Fourth Amendment and schools, and give my personal view on the Fourth Amendment in schools. The debate that is currently raging in public schools, is whether or not kids in public schools, can be strip searched or not. This has many parents up in arms, because they feel like this violates their children’s safety, as well as, their Fourth Amendment rights. The issue of the Fourth Amendment in schools was never really an issue, until the shooting at Columbine High School in April of 1999. This massacre really put an emphasis on security in schools. With this being said, many schools started to gear towards random locker searches and back pack searches. They never took it to the extreme of strip searches. However, with the recent school shooting at Virginia Tech and with the most recent massacre in Aurora, Colorado, many schools have stepped up their security even more. School officials are scared of having a massacre at their school. So by being over protective, they believe they can prevent one from happening. The debate has begun to surface and be more recognized because parents believe that strip searches are too far. When it comes to their children, most parents are very protective and do not want their children violated in any way. With this introduction of strip searches into public schools, many parents believe the schools, as well as, the school officials, have taken it too far and believe this is a direct violation of their children’s Fourth Amendment rights. However, as we have discussed in class, when a parent drops their child off at school, the school assumes parenting rights of the child for that amount of time. This idea is known as Parens Patriae, or â€Å"taking the role of the parent†. School officials argue that this idea gives them the right to search the kids as intrusively as needed, if they believe it will help protect other students and staff. People against this, such as Dennis D. Parker, say, â€Å"The disastrous effects of overly intrusive searches in schools are only underscored by the availability of alternatives, which are more effective in creating safe environments and encouraging participation and learning by all students in schools† (Parker, 2010). Some parents however, do not mind all of the searches. They believe that it is keeping their children safe at school and that strip searches only happen on rare occasions. Many people are not raising an uproar over back-packs or lockers being searched. They are only fighting against the strip searches. The idea that their children are being â€Å"violated† has them scared. This idea can also be attributed to the recent spike in awareness of child sex-offenders. The media coverage of child sex-offenders in schools, churches, and other places, has the public scared. Many parents do not want their children being molested or raped by a school official. When parents hear the word â€Å"strip† they automatically think the worst. They do not want their child to become a victim of something heinous, such as sexual abuse. This debate has grown fierce. It has sparked many court cases that challenge public schools and whether or not they violate children’s Fourth Amendment rights by conducting strip searches. The most recent and well known case in the media is, Safford Unified School District No. 1 v. Redding. This court case spread across the nation like wildfire and eventually made it to the Supreme Court for review. The facts of the case are that a young 13 year old girl named Savana Redding, was forced to strip down to her bra and underwear and pull both undergarments away from her body. The school officials forced Redding to do this in an attempt to find prescription-strength ibuprofen, which is against school rules to possess and is treated as an illegal drug. The officials strip searched Redding because another student had stated that Redding had this â€Å"drug†. The officials did not find any drugs within her locker or back-pack and stated that they believed Redding was hiding the drugs on her person. The officials believed this constituted a strip search, because the school had a zero-tolerance policy for any type of drugs or violence, and in an effort to protect their students they had Redding searched. Many parents were outraged by what happened to Savana Redding, because they believed it could happen to their children as well. Redding along with her mother and the ACLU sued the school officials for violating her Fourth Amendment rights. This case reached national attention and finally reached the Supreme Court. After reaching the Supreme Court, the two sides battled and Redding was the victor. According to Laura Jarrett, â€Å"In a decision written by Justice Souter,5 the majority applied the T. L. O. standard to hold that the strip search in Savana Redding’s case violated the Fourth Amendment because it was unreasonable in its scope† (Jarrett, 2010). This case however, did not set precedent. Schools are allowed to strip search children as long as it is within a reasonable scope. This means that if a child is suspected of having a weapon of some sort, he/she may be strip searched in order to find it. However, in Savana Redding’s case, a few simple pills of ibuprofen, did not satisfy the reasonableness of a strip search, and thus violated Redding’s Fourth Amendment rights. This case has opened many people’s eyes to how much power our school officials actually wield. This puts many parents in a tough spot, because they do not want their children to be harmed or taken advantage of by school officials, but they want their children to be safe at school. More cases will be brought to court that deal with the issue of the Fourth Amendment in schools. My reaction to all of this is one that is filled with mixed emotions. As a student in college and as someone that grew up through these changes in the school system, I have seen the first hand effects of these new zero-tolerance policies. I grew up a military kid and moved from school to school every year. I attended four high schools and each one had a different policy and a new set of rules to follow. The first high school I attended forced us to wear uniforms, to eliminate gangs within our school and promote a â€Å"community of learning†. My first high school had metal detectors at the front doors and every kid had to walk through them. We had six school police officers that closely monitored all of the students. This measure of security was not fun to go through every day. It was very intimidating and time consuming, because there was only so many metal detectors. I do not believe these metal detectors, or police officers, helped keep our school any safer than they would have been without them. All these devices did, was intimidate you when you walked into a so-called â€Å"learning environment†. According to Parker, â€Å"Recognition that not all disciplinary policies are fair or effective and a requirement that any policies be reasonable represent a necessary first step for students who have not fared well historically in the education system† (Parker, 2010). My first high school obviously had not recognized that. My first high school, almost seemed like a jail. We wore uniforms, walked through metal detectors, police constantly watched us in the halls. According to Jessica R. Feierman and Riya S. Shah, â€Å"Confinement to a detention center or other juvenile institution places children outside the view of their families, friends, and the public, and subjects them to what Kenneth Wooden has called a deliberate â€Å"politics of secrecy,† hiding the conditions in juvenile institutions from the public eye† (Feierman and Shah, 2012). I believe not only was my first high school like this, but I also believe that more and more schools are trying to turn into institutions that monitor kids, instead of teach them. Children respond to relationships, not to intimidation. Along with this, I am conflicted, because I know that there is a need to keep our children safe in school. The world has proven to be a dangerous place, filled with dangerous people. The massacres at Columbine, Virginia Tech, Aurora, and others have shown us that we need protection. But I do not believe we need strip searches in schools. According to Diana R. Donahoe, â€Å"Studies have found children who have been subject to a strip search can be greatly traumatized by the experience† (Donahoe, 2012). We have enough problems with teachers having sex with their students, and even some molesting their students. By inserting this power into our schools, this will open up more lawsuits and could even lead to people losing their jobs if something was done improperly. According to Nicole L. Bracy, â€Å"Over the past several decades, public schools in the United States have been increasingly transformed into high security environments, complete with surveillance technologies, security forces, and harsh punishments† (Bracy, 2012). We teach our kids that school is fun and a great place to learn. However, when they grow up and get to school, they realize that school is really a moderate form of prison or jail. In our madness to protect our children, we have really just imprisoned them and taken away from the learning environment. Our schools have become too powerful. With the continued addition of power to our schools, we will have no control over what they can and cannot do. The Fourth Amendment is a vital part of our Constitution and we must protect it, whether that be in everyday life or in schools. This paper has discussed the debate that is raging in schools, looked at recent cases involving the Fourth Amendment and schools, and has given my personal view on the Fourth Amendment in schools. Without the Fourth Amendment protecting us, we are subject to illegal searches and seizures. Students deserve to be protected and not subject to strip searches in school. This issue is far from over and must be brought to the attention of the public, so we can stop the schools from gaining anymore power.